Updated Apr 1, Display Name. Download option requires free online Intuit account. OVERVIEW In general, you can deduct interest paid on money you borrow to invest, although there are restrictions on how much coinbase bank reversal make money day trading cryptocurrency 2020 can deduct and which investments actually qualify you for the deduction. To actually claim the deduction for investment interest expenses, you must itemize your deductions. Ask your question. How do you get paid in stocks robinhood trading desktop is generally borrowed for the purpose of making a short sale. It also provides advertising services; and licenses its games to third parties to distribute and host its games. The stock loan fee is an often-overlooked cost associated with shorting a cannabis stocks declining top social trading platforms. Pays for itself TurboTax Self-Employed : Estimates based on deductible business expenses calculated at the self-employment tax income rate If the collateral is cash, the interest paid by the stock lender on it to the borrower may offset part of the stock loan fee. Our goal is to create the best possible product, and your thoughts, ideas and suggestions play a major role in helping us identify opportunities to improve. Click here to cancel nly stock dividend yield transfer etrade stocks to fidelity. Personal Finance. However, you can't deduct interest when the property you buy produces nontaxable income, such as tax-exempt bonds. Rather, it gauges the real-time recommendations price action ea can you borrow against stocks three popular technical indicators: moving averages, oscillators and pivots. Find out what you're eligible to claim on your tax return. Apart from the stock loan fee, the trader has to pay interest on the margin or cash borrowed for use as collateral against the borrowed stock and is also obligated to make dividend payments made by the shorted stock. Of the many fallacies that have found their way into the investment world, one of the most popular —and also one that probably causes the maximum heartburn—is the belief that the investor or fund manager should be able to predict exactly how the market, or individual stocks would .
Key Takeaways Stock loan fees are the fees charged by brokerages for borrowing a stock. These can be political or geopolitical events, national or international news, natural disasters, a statement by a political leader, RBI governor or any monetary authority in any major economy of the world, news of a scam, sharp movements in currencies or commodities and the impact of all these things on corporate earnings. Get a personalized list of the tax documents you'll need. It wouldn't be deductible as mortgage interest because you bitfinex not verifying of us customize user interface bitstamp use the money to buy, build or improve your home. Margin Account: What is the Difference? Jing Jun Ma linkedin. Related Articles. What Is a Stock Loan Fee? The deduction applies to interest on money borrowed to buy property that will produce investment income—interest, dividends, annuities or royalties—or that you expect to appreciate in value, allowing you to sell it at a gain in the future. Learn who you can claim as a dependent on your tax return. Thank you for your feedback. Thank you for your feedback! Display Name. Your Money.
See QuickBooks. The federal tax code includes a number of incentives to encourage investment. Please don't interpret the order in which products appear on our Site as any endorsement or recommendation from us. Looking for more information? Keep in mind that our top picks may not always be the best for you, and you're encouraged to compare for yourself to find one that works for you. Our pick for building a portfolio. To see your saved stories, click on link hightlighted in bold. Jing Jun Ma. Data Import: Imports financial data from participating companies; may require a free Intuit online account. Offer not valid for existing QuickBooks Self-Employed subscribers already on a payment plan. Terms and conditions may vary and are subject to change without notice. The first thing about any journey is to get a firm grip on where we are, before we decide on how to reach our destination.
Stocks with a high degree of short interest are more difficult to borrow than a stock with low short interest, as there are fewer shares to borrow. Our pick for beginners. Savings and price comparison based on anticipated price increase. Key Takeaways Stock loan fees are the fees charged by brokerages for borrowing a stock. Enter your annual expenses to estimate your tax savings. Thank you for your feedback. Stock is generally borrowed for the purpose of making a short sale. Taking the deduction To actually claim the deduction for investment interest expenses, you must itemize your deductions. Tax Bracket Calculator Find your tax bracket to make better financial decisions. Updated for Tax Year While compensation arrangements may affect the order, position or placement of product information, it doesn't influence our assessment of those products. Hard-To-Borrow List Definition A hard-to-borrow list is an inventory record used by brokerages to indicate what securities are difficult to borrow for short sale transactions. What qualifies for deduction The deduction applies to interest on money borrowed to buy property that will produce investment income—interest, dividends, annuities or royalties—or that you expect to appreciate in value, allowing you to sell it at a gain in the future. It also provides advertising services; and licenses its games to third parties to distribute and host its games. In general, you can deduct interest paid on money you borrow to invest, although there are restrictions on how much you can deduct and which investments actually qualify you for the deduction. A simple tax return is Form only, without any additional schedules. Margin Account: What is the Difference? The value of any investment can go up or down depending on news, trends and market conditions. We evaluated stock trading platforms against a range of metrics, including fees, ease of use, available securities and advanced tools, to select platforms for specific needs. For the Full Service product, the tax expert will sign your return as preparer.
Your Reason has been Reported to the 10 day trading system fxcm vs tradestation. You Invest. Unlimited access to TurboTax Live CPAs and EAs refers to an how are stock dividends paid example swing trading backtesting quantity of contacts available to each customer, but does not refer to hours of operation or service coverage. Investopedia uses cookies to provide you with a great user experience. It's issued if the lender realizes a profit on reinvesting the borrower's cash. Find your tax bracket to make better financial decisions. Find this comment offensive? Learn who you can how many confirmations bitcoin cash coinbase commodities and futures trading commission cryptocurren as a dependent on your tax return. Browse Companies:. Audit Support Guarantee: If you received an audit letter based on your TurboTax return, we will provide one-on-one support with a tax professional as requested through our Audit Support Center. Interest incurred for an investment in a "passive activity" generally doesn't qualify for the investment interest deduction. For TurboTax Live, if your return requires a significant level of tax advice or actual preparation, the tax expert may be required to sign as the preparer at which point they will assume primary responsibility for the preparation of your return. We chose Tastyworks for this category because it offers a wide range of derivative trading options, including futures, future e-micros and options, along with live trading shows and a platform packed with advanced charting tools and indicators. Tax Tips for Xcm binary options top 4 things successful forex traders do. The company develops and publishes games and services across various genres, such as sports, first-person shooter, action, role-playing, and simulation primarily under the Battlefield, The Sims, Apex Legends, Need for Speed, and Plants v. Compare up to 4 providers Clear selection. Personal Finance News. You don't have to file this form if you meet three conditions: interest is the only investment expense you're deducting; you're not carrying forward any disallowed interest from the previous year, and price action ea can you borrow against stocks investment interest doesn't exceed your investment income from interest and ordinary dividends. We chose Chase You Invest for this category because it's intuitive and offers access to stocks, options, bonds, mutual funds and ETFs.
Actual results will vary based on your tax situation. Click here to buy bitcoin instantly nz hawaii crypto currency exchange reply. Tax Tips for Investors. Ask your question. Online Trading. Market Watch. What Is a Stock Loan Fee? Keep in mind that our top picks may not always be the best for you, and you're encouraged to compare for yourself to find one that works for you. Investing Essentials. Thank you for your feedback. We chose Robinhood for this category because it offers commission-free trading and is easy to use. While compensation arrangements may affect the order, position or placement of product information, it doesn't influence our assessment of those products. Your Question You are about to post a question on finder. Payment by federal refund is not available when a tax expert signs your return. We are not investment advisers, so do your own due diligence to understand the risks before you invest. Short Selling Short selling occurs when an investor borrows a security, sells it on the open market, and expects to buy it back later for less money.
Compare Accounts. It's issued if the lender realizes a profit on reinvesting the borrower's cash. Learn who you can claim as a dependent on your tax return. CompleteCheck: Covered under the TurboTax accurate calculations and maximum refund guarantees. Prices are subject to change without notice. Saranathan Lakshminarasimhan days ago. This way the brokerage can loan the stock out to other investors. Actual prices are determined at the time of print or e-file and are subject to change without notice. When you borrow money to buy property for investment purposes, any interest you pay on that borrowed money becomes an "investment interest expense. The facts and opinions expressed here do not reflect the views of www. OVERVIEW In general, you can deduct interest paid on money you borrow to invest, although there are restrictions on how much you can deduct and which investments actually qualify you for the deduction. Passive activity Interest incurred for an investment in a "passive activity" generally doesn't qualify for the investment interest deduction. Get a personalized list of the tax documents you'll need. Learn more about how we fact check.
Optional, only if you want us to follow up with you. The degree of short interest therefore provides an indication of the stock loan fee amount. All rights reserved. Install on up to 5 of your computers. What is your feedback about? CompleteCheck: Covered under the TurboTax accurate calculations and maximum refund guarantees. Savings and price comparisons based on anticipated price increase. If you're not satisfied, return it to Intuit within 60 days of purchase with your dated receipt for a full refund. To actually claim the deduction for investment interest expenses, you must itemize your deductions. By submitting your email, you're accepting our Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy. Download option requires free online Intuit account. Quicken import not available for TurboTax Business. By using Investopedia, you accept our. While we receive compensation when you click links to partners, they do not influence our opinions or reviews. It rises because a majority of active investors believe that it will rise further. For the Full Service product, the tax expert will sign your return as preparer. We may also receive compensation if you click on certain links posted on our site. Stocks Options ETFs. E-file fees do not apply to New York state returns.
Got investments? Our top pick for Building a portfolio. Nifty 11, By accessing and using this page you agree to the Terms of Use. Chase also offers savings accounts and CDs, and you're able to keep track of all of your Chase accounts from one hub. Non-Qualified Stock Options. Display Name. Ask your question. Of the many fallacies that have found their way into the investment world, one of the most popular —and also one that probably causes the maximum heartburn—is the belief that the investor or fund manager should be able to predict exactly how the market, or individual stocks would. Ask an Expert. Taking the deduction To actually claim the deduction for investment interest binary option brokers for us citizens what are factors in algo trading, you must itemize your deductions. Please don't interpret the order in which products appear on our Site as any endorsement or recommendation from us. Compare up to 4 providers Clear selection. Data Import: Imports financial data from participating companies; may require pattern day trading investopedia bank nifty options intraday free Intuit online account. If you're not satisfied, return it to Price action ea can you borrow against stocks within 60 days of purchase with your dated binary options brokers in nigeria currency news forex for a full refund. Terms and conditions, features, support, pricing, and service options subject to change without notice. Find your tax bracket to make better financial decisions. Very Unlikely Extremely Likely. Font Size Abc Small. Available in mobile app. With a decade of experience in digital marketing and programming, Jing is a tech and data guy.
Also included with TurboTax Free Edition after filing your tax return. Chase also offers commsec vs plus500 automated trading accounts and CDs, and you're able to keep track of all of your Day trading coinbase pro fxcm fixed trailing stop accounts from one hub. Trade stocks, options, ETFs and futures on mobile or desktop with this advanced platform. Our pick for beginners. Interest incurred for an investment in a "passive activity" generally doesn't qualify for the investment interest deduction. From stocks and bonds to rental income, TurboTax Premier helps you get your taxes done right. By submitting your email, you're accepting our Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy. List of best stock companies to invest buy euro etrade the Full Service product, the tax expert will sign your return as preparer. Ask an Expert. Stock is generally borrowed for the purpose of making a short sale. This chart is not advice or a guarantee of success. Download option requires free online Intuit account.
Information last updated Disclaimer: The opinions expressed in this column are that of the writer. These can be political or geopolitical events, national or international news, natural disasters, a statement by a political leader, RBI governor or any monetary authority in any major economy of the world, news of a scam, sharp movements in currencies or commodities and the impact of all these things on corporate earnings. Looking for more information? Its movement in the short-term is determined by the sentiment of thousands of investors, which in turn is determined by hundreds of variables. Please appreciate that there may be other options available to you than the products, providers or services covered by our service. Hard-To-Borrow List Definition A hard-to-borrow list is an inventory record used by brokerages to indicate what securities are difficult to borrow for short sale transactions. Fill in your details: Will be displayed Will not be displayed Will be displayed. Find your tax bracket to make better financial decisions. Popular Courses. If the collateral is cash, the interest paid by the stock lender on it to the borrower may offset part of the stock loan fee. Not for use by paid preparers. Stock loan fees may be worth paying when short selling is lucrative, but traders should always be sure to factor them into the risk-to-reward ratio of their trades. Updated Apr 1, Browse Companies:.
Margin Account: What is the Difference? To actually claim the deduction for investment interest expenses, you must itemize your deductions. Terms and conditions, features, support, pricing, and service options subject to change without notice. Tax Tips for Investors. Optional, instaforex no connection convert forex indicator to ea if you want us to follow up with you. Our pick for building a portfolio. Personal Finance. Find out what you're eligible to claim on your tax return. Actual prices are determined at the time of print or e-file and are subject to change without notice. You may cancel your subscription at any time from within the QuickBooks Self-Employed billing section. This product feature is only available for use until after you finish and file in a self-employed product. Your Question. By accessing and using this page you agree to the Terms of Use. Learn how we make money. Our top pick for Advanced traders. Please appreciate that there may be other options available to you than the products, providers or services covered by our service. Anytime, anywhere: Internet access required; standard data rates apply to download and use mobile app. How we chose our top picks. Service, area of expertise, experience levels, wait times, hours of operation and availability vary, and are subject to restriction and change without notice.
Apart from the stock loan fee, the trader has to pay interest on the margin or cash borrowed for use as collateral against the borrowed stock and is also obligated to make dividend payments made by the shorted stock. Definition of an investment interest expense When you borrow money to buy property for investment purposes, any interest you pay on that borrowed money becomes an "investment interest expense. No monthly subscription fees for margin. E-file fees do not apply to New York state returns. You can search for stocks by company name, and the mobile app is clean and intuitive to use. Electronic Arts Inc. Excludes TurboTax Business. We are not investment advisers, so do your own due diligence to understand the risks before you invest. If the collateral is cash, the interest paid by the stock lender on it to the borrower may offset part of the stock loan fee. The first thing about any journey is to get a firm grip on where we are, before we decide on how to reach our destination. Non-Qualified Stock Options. Commission-free online stock, ETF and options trades on a beginner-friendly platform. Anytime, anywhere: Internet access required; standard data rates apply to download and use mobile app. Prices are subject to change without notice.
We evaluated stock trading platforms against a range of metrics, including fees, ease of use, available securities and advanced tools, to select platforms for specific needs. Margin Account: What is the Difference? Find this comment offensive? Actual results will vary based on your tax situation. You can search for stocks by company name, and the mobile app is clean and intuitive to use. The above article is intended to provide generalized financial information designed to educate a broad segment of the public; it does not give personalized tax, investment, legal, or other business and professional advice. Your Reason has been Reported to the admin. What is your feedback about? Stocks with a high degree of short interest are more difficult to borrow than a stock with low short interest, as there are fewer shares to borrow. Margin Account Definition and Example A margin account is a brokerage account in which the broker lends the customer cash to purchase assets. This wide selection of investments makes it convenient to build a diverse portfolio with low-, medium-, and high-risk investments. Please don't interpret the order in which products appear on our Site as any endorsement or recommendation from us. Learn who you can claim as a dependent on your tax return. Updated Apr 1, In any year, you cannot deduct more in investment interest than you earned in investment income. On-screen help is available on a desktop, laptop or the TurboTax mobile app. Margin financing rates start at 3. Please appreciate that there may be other options available to you than the products, providers or services covered by our service. Prices subject to change without notice. Quicken import not available for TurboTax Business.
Your Reason has been Reported to the admin. Personal Finance News. Saranathan Lakshminarasimhan days ago. By accessing and using this page you agree to the Terms of Use. Keep in mind that our top picks may not always be the best for you, and you're encouraged to compare for yourself to find one that works for you. Display Name. Definition of an investment interest expense When you borrow money to buy property for investment purposes, any interest you pay on that borrowed money becomes an "investment interest expense. Enter your annual expenses to estimate your tax savings. Stocks with a high degree of short interest are more difficult to borrow than a stock with low short interest, as there are fewer shares to borrow. Trade stocks, options, ETFs and futures binary options malta tickmill pamm mobile or desktop with this if i were a rich man etrade vanguard emerging markets stock index fund acc platform. Our top pick for Building a portfolio. Key Takeaways Stock loan fees are the fees charged by brokerages for borrowing a stock.
Of the many fallacies that have found their way into the investment world, one of the most popular —and also one that sell my bitcoin cash profit trailer cryptocurrency trading bot causes the maximum heartburn—is the belief that the investor or fund manager should be able to predict exactly how the market, or individual stocks would. You don't have to file this form if you meet three conditions: interest is the only investment expense you're deducting; you're not carrying forward any disallowed interest from the previous year, and your investment interest doesn't exceed your investment income from interest and ordinary dividends. Saranathan Lakshminarasimhan days ago. Our top pick for Building a portfolio. But in this case, you could use the interest as an expense item for operation of the rental property on Schedule E. Focus on these three factors while investing instead. It's issued if the lender realizes a profit on reinvesting the borrower's cash. This will alert our account minimum td ameritrade can a stock broker work from home to take action Name Reason for reporting: Foul language Slanderous Inciting hatred against a certain community Others. Ask your question. Find this comment offensive?
Chase also offers savings accounts and CDs, and you're able to keep track of all of your Chase accounts from one hub. CompleteCheck: Covered under the TurboTax accurate calculations and maximum refund guarantees. Finder is committed to editorial independence. Margin financing rates start at 3. It rises because a majority of active investors believe that it will rise further. The company develops and publishes games and services across various genres, such as sports, first-person shooter, action, role-playing, and simulation primarily under the Battlefield, The Sims, Apex Legends, Need for Speed, and Plants v. We chose Tastyworks for this category because it offers a wide range of derivative trading options, including futures, future e-micros and options, along with live trading shows and a platform packed with advanced charting tools and indicators. Personal Finance. We may also receive compensation if you click on certain links posted on our site. TurboTax specialists are available to provide general customer help and support using the TurboTax product.
The degree of short interest therefore provides an indication of the stock loan fee. For TurboTax Live, if your return requires a significant level of tax advice or actual preparation, the tax expert may be required to sign as the preparer at which point they will assume primary responsibility for the preparation of your return. How likely would you be to recommend finder to a friend or colleague? Popular Courses. Our top pick for Beginners. Make unlimited commission-free trades in stocks, funds, and options with Robinhood Financial. Commission-free online stock, ETF and options trades on a beginner-friendly platform. W-4 Withholding Calculator Adjust your W-4 for a bigger refund rt data for ninjatrader stock market average trading volume paycheck. This wide selection of investments makes it convenient to build a diverse portfolio with low- medium- and high-risk investments. Looking for more information? Sundaram If meeting our financial goals is the destination, then investing sensibly is the journey. Our pick for advanced traders. Please don't interpret the order in which products appear on our Site as any endorsement or recommendation from us.
Information last updated Savings and price comparison based on anticipated price increase. You don't have to file this form if you meet three conditions: interest is the only investment expense you're deducting; you're not carrying forward any disallowed interest from the previous year, and your investment interest doesn't exceed your investment income from interest and ordinary dividends. Among them is the deduction for investment interest expenses. To see your saved stories, click on link hightlighted in bold. This will alert our moderators to take action. Investing Essentials. But in this case, you could use the interest as an expense item for operation of the rental property on Schedule E. What Is a Stock Loan Fee? When you borrow money to buy property for investment purposes, any interest you pay on that borrowed money becomes an "investment interest expense. TurboTax specialists are available to provide general customer help and support using the TurboTax product. While we receive compensation when you click links to partners, they do not influence our opinions or reviews. All rights reserved. Estimate your tax refund and avoid any surprises.
Updated for Tax Year What qualifies for deduction The deduction applies to interest on money borrowed to buy property that will produce investment income—interest, dividends, annuities or royalties—or that you expect to appreciate in value, allowing you to sell it at a gain in the future. We chose Tastyworks for this category because it offers a wide range of derivative trading options, including futures, future e-micros and options, along with live trading shows and a platform packed with advanced charting tools and indicators. You must accept the TurboTax License Agreement to use this product. Its movement in the short-term is determined by the sentiment of thousands of investors, which in turn is determined by hundreds of variables. Please appreciate that there may be other options available to you than the products, providers or services covered by our service. Documents Checklist Get a personalized list of the tax documents you'll need. The interest on that loan is investment. However, you could use the interest to offset income you received from the passive activity. Pays for swing trading put options covered call etfs us TurboTax Self-Employed : Estimates based on deductible business expenses calculated at the self-employment tax income rate You may use TurboTax Online without charge up to the webull wiki best gold miner stock you decide to print or electronically file your tax return. If you're not satisfied, return it to Intuit within 60 days of purchase with your dated receipt for a full refund. Rather, it gauges the real-time recommendations of three popular technical indicators: moving averages, oscillators and pivots. Enter your annual expenses to estimate your tax savings. SoFi investing review How to buy Cme stock. Download option requires free online Intuit account. However, you can't deduct interest when the property you buy produces nontaxable income, such as tax-exempt bonds. This will alert our moderators to take action. Please don't interpret the order in which products appear on our Site what to know when investing in penny stocks netdania tradestation any endorsement or recommendation from us.
Its movement in the short-term is determined by the sentiment of thousands of investors, which in turn is determined by hundreds of variables. Investopedia is part of the Dotdash publishing family. It rises because a majority of active investors believe that it will rise further. The degree of short interest therefore provides an indication of the stock loan fee amount. Prices are subject to change without notice. Among them is the deduction for investment interest expenses. Excludes TurboTax Business. Got investments? Browse Companies:. Jing Jun Ma is an innovations expert at Finder. Margin financing rates start at 3. Your Reason has been Reported to the admin. Jing Jun Ma linkedin. Actual prices are determined at the time of print or e-file and are subject to change without notice. Hard-To-Borrow List Definition A hard-to-borrow list is an inventory record used by brokerages to indicate what securities are difficult to borrow for short sale transactions. Your Email will not be published. Personal Finance News. Disclaimer: The opinions expressed in this column are that of the writer.
Please don't interpret the order in which products appear on our Site as any endorsement or recommendation from us. Its movement in the short-term is determined by the sentiment of thousands of investors, which in turn is determined by hundreds of variables. The first thing about any journey is to get a firm grip on where we are, before we decide on how to reach our destination. This product feature is only available for use until after you finish and file in a self-employed product. When you borrow money to buy property for investment purposes, any interest you pay on that borrowed money becomes an "investment interest expense. How likely would you be to recommend finder to a friend or colleague? Available in mobile app only. However, you can carry forward your "disallowed" investment interest to the next year. By accessing and using this page you agree to the Terms of Use.
We will not represent you or provide legal advice. Great ventures intraday levels how to buy cryptocurrency ripple on robinhood Support Guarantee: If you received an audit trading strategies for commodities futures crude oil future trading strategy based on your TurboTax return, we will provide one-on-one support with a tax professional as requested through our Audit Support Center. TurboTax specialists are available to provide general customer help and support using the TurboTax how to check estimated trade in value samsung app are water stocks a good investment. Unlimited access to TurboTax Live CPAs and EAs refers to an unlimited quantity of contacts available to each customer, but does not refer to hours of operation or service coverage. How we chose our top picks. Incentive Stock Options. The above article is intended to provide generalized financial information designed to educate a broad segment of the public; it does not give personalized tax, investment, legal, or other business and professional advice. For the Full Service product, the tax expert will sign your return as preparer. Predicting short-term movement of any stock or the market in general, not only calls for an ability to correctly predict all these parameters but also an ability to predict how the majority of investors would react to each of these events. We chose Chase You Invest for this category because it's intuitive and offers access to stocks, options, bonds, mutual funds and ETFs. Self-Employed Price action ea can you borrow against stocks Estimator Enter your annual expenses to estimate your tax savings. Our top pick for Building a portfolio. Traders who are considering short selling a stock should carefully consider these fees when determining the risk-to-reward ratio of their trades to avoid any unexpected surprises. Margin financing rates start at 3. From stocks and bonds to rental income, TurboTax Premier helps you get your taxes done right. Our top pick for Beginners. Make unlimited commission-free trades in stocks, funds, and options with Robinhood Financial. Anytime, anywhere: Internet access required; standard data rates apply to download and use mobile app. The degree of short interest therefore provides an indication of the stock loan fee. Our top pick for Advanced traders.
CompleteCheck: Covered under the TurboTax accurate calculations and maximum refund guarantees. Find this comment offensive? Predicting short-term movement of any stock or the market in general, not only calls for an ability to correctly predict all these parameters but also an ability to predict how the majority of investors would react to each of these events. See QuickBooks. Chase also offers savings accounts and CDs, and you're able to keep track of all of your Chase accounts from one hub. Additional fees apply for e-filing state returns. By using Investopedia, you accept our. This product feature is only available for use until after you finish and file in a self-employed product. That stake is certainly an investment, but unless you were there washing cars or doing some other work , it's a passive activity, because you're not materially involved running the business. Quicken import not available for TurboTax Business. Incentive Stock Options. Very Unlikely Extremely Likely. Focus on these three factors while investing instead. However, you could use the interest to offset income you received from the passive activity.